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Purmorphamine is the first small-molecule agonist developed for the protein Smoothened [1]. Purmorphamine activates the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, resulting in the up- and downregulation of its downstream target genes, including Gli1 and Patched. Purmorphamine may ultimately be useful in the treatment of bone-related disease andneurodegenerative disease [2].

In vitro: Purmorphamine activated the Hedgehog pathway by directly bound and activated Smoothened with the IC50value of ~ 1.5 μM in competing with cyclopamine, a Smo antagonist [1]. In multi-potent C3H10T1/2 cells, purmorphamine was a potent inducer of osteogenesis. In C3H10T1/2 cells, The EC50 values assessed based on ALP expression for purmorphamine was 1 μM. Purmorphamine (1 μM) in combination with BMP-4 (100 ng/mL) increased ALP activity more than 90-fold in 3T3-L1 cells [3].Administration of purmorphamine at 3 and 5 μM up-regulated the level of osteocalcin on day 14 (P ≤ 0.05)[4].

In vivo: In rats transplanted with stem cell-based constructs subcutaneously, treatment with purmorphamine tended to up-regulate ALP transcripts when compared with those injected by either dexamethasone or injection water (P ≤ 0.05) [4].

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