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2-Hydroxyestradiol is an angiogenesis inhibitor via the HIF-1a pathway.

HIF-1a, a basic helix-loop-helix PAS domain containing protein, is reported as the master transcriptional regulator of cellular and developmental response to hypoxia.

In vitro: In vitro evidences suggested that most of the cellular effects of 2-hydroxyestradiol were mediated by 2-methoxyestradiol, a metabolite of 2-hydroxyestradiol as an anti-cancer agent acting as an angiogenesis inhibitor via the HIF-1a pathway. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), the enzyme methylating 2-hydroxyestradiol to 2-methoxyestradiol, blocked the ability of 2-hydroxyestradiol to inhibit growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiac fibroblasts, as well as renal mesangial cells. Moreover, 2-hydroxyestradiol could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell growth in cells obtained from wild-type mice but not in cells cultured from COMT knockout mice. In contrast to 2OHE, treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells with 2-methoxyestradiol inhibited serum-induced growth of cells from both wild-type and COMTknockout mice [1].

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