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Coumestrol is an antagonist of estrogen receptors with IC50 values of 11 nM and 2 nM for human ERα and human ERβ, respectively. Coumestrol is also a naturally occurring weak antagonist of the human pregnane X receptor with IC50 value of 12 μM [1][2][3].

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are receptors that are activated by the hormone estrogen (17β-estradiol). ERα and ERβ are nuclear estrogen receptors, which are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular receptors. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have the potential ability to antagonize the proliferative effects of estrogen on uterine and breast tissue while mimicking estrogen’s effects on the bone and cardiovascular system [1].

Coumestrol is an antagonist of estrogen receptors with IC50 values of 11 nM and 2 nM for human ERα and human ERβ, respectively. Coumestrol increased de novo synthesis of secreted complement C3 [2]. Coumestrol is also a naturally occurring weak antagonist of the human pregnane X receptor (PXR) with IC50 value of 12 μM. In transient transfection assays, coumestrol inhibited the agonist effects of SR12813 on human PXR activity. In primary human hepatocytes, coumestrol inhibited the effects of PXR agonists on the expression of the known PXR target genes, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Coumestrol is also a potential inverse agonist of the constitutive androstane receptor with EC50 value of 30 μM [3].

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