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The nucleocapsid of hepatitis B virus is covered by an envelope of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), which has the common, group-specific determinant a. The four major subtypes of HBsAg, adw, adr, ayw and ayr, are generated,  and they have been proposed to represent  the  phenotypic  expression  of the  four  major  genotypes  of HBV1. HBsAg subtypes show distinct geographical distributions2 and may provide historical information on the migration of ancestors carrying HBV of a particular subtype3.

The HBsAg, localized on the surface of the infectious Dane particle is considered to be the antigen responsible for conferring immunity to infection with hepatitis B4. A larger amount is found on filaments of 20-nm diameter and variable length. By far the most HBsAg is present on small, noninfectious, 20-nm particles5.

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