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Emetine dihydrochloride hydrate is an anti-protozoal drug previously used for intestinal and tissue amoebiasis.

Emetine dihydrochloride hydrate is reported to have an IC50 value of 1 nM on the drug sensitive 3D7 P. falciparum parasite strains. Dose response curves are determined for both drugs using K1 resistant isolates and IC50 values of 47±2.1 nM and 2.6±0.41 nM established for emetine dihydrochloride hydrate and DHA, respectively[1]. After the lymphoblasts are treated with cycloheximide or emetine dihydrochloride hydrate, the expression level of the mutant allele is elevated almost equally to the wild-type alleles by direct sequencing of the corresponding cDNA[2]. Emetine is identified as a lead compound with significant concentration dependent suppression of PEDF-induced TNF secretion and an IC50 of 146 nM. Emetine inhibits PEDF-mediated TNF release without affecting cell viability. Emetine binds to PEDF receptor ATGL with high-binding affinity (KD=14.3 nM)[3]. Emetine treatment reduces cell viability, induces apoptosis, promptes AML cells towards differentiation and downregulates HIF-1α[4].

Emetine (0.002, 0.02, 0.2 and 2 mg/kg) does not induce any significant difference in body weight in mice with low-dose streptozotocin model of T1D. Administration of emetine not only attenuates blood glucose levels in dose-dependent way but also induces a persistent attenuation of blood glucose levels. Daily administration of emetine dose-dependently attenuates hyperglycemic response by d 21. Consistent with this observation, administration of emetine, but not the vehicle control, results in a sustained attenuation of blood glucose levels. Emetine improves disease severity in a spontaneous model of NOD T1D[3]. Emetine (1 mg/kg) reduces both leukemia burden in an in vivo xenotransplantation mouse model and the clonogenic capacity of leukemic cells upon treatment[4].

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