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Glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpenoid saponinl, acting as a direct HMGB1 antagonist, with anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities.

Glycyrrhizic acid shows a series of anti-cancer-related pharmacological activities, such as broad-spectrum anti-cancer ability, resistance to the tissue toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiation, drug absorption enhancing effects and anti-multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms, as a carrier material in drug delivery systems[1]. In intestinal NCI-H716 cells that secretes GLP-1, Glycyrrhizic acid promotes GLP-1 secretion with a marked elevation of calcium levels. Glycyrrhizic acid can enhance GLP-1 secretion through TGR5 activation[2].

In type 1-like diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ-treated rats), Glycyrrhizic acid increases the level of plasma GLP-1, which is blocked by triamterene at a dose sufficient to inhibit Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5)[1]. Glycyrrhizic acid (Glycyrrhizic acid; 50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreases the levels of TgAb, HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β in mice[3].

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