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URMC-099 is an orally bioavailable and brain penetrant inhibitor of MLK3 with IC50 value of 14 nM [1].

Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3) is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family that regulate MAPK8/JNK signaling cascade and also activates ERK and p38. MLK3 activation can result in the stimulation of cell motility and migration [1] [2].

URMC-099 is a novel and orally bioavailable MLK3 inhibitor. In murine BV-2 microglial cells, URMC-099 inhibited LPS-induced TNFαrelease. In primary human monocytes, URMC-099 inhibited HIV-1 Tat-induced release of cytokines [1]. In neutrophils, URMC-099 reduced chemotaxis induced by fMLP and inhibited fMLP-stimulated F-actin formation [2].

In Tat-injected brains of mice, URMC-099 inhibited up-regulation of phospho-JNK. In HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) preclinical models, URMC-099 inhibited multiple kinase pathways, including MLK3 and LRRK2 (IC50 = 11 nM). URMC-099 reduced inflammatory cytokine production, protected neuronal architecture, and altered the morphologic and ultrastructural response of microglia to HIV-1 Tat exposure [1] [3]. In wild-type C57Bl/6 mice, URMC-099 inhibited fMLP-induced accumulation of neutrophils in the peritoneum [2]. In infected humanized NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc-/-mice, URMC-099 administered with nanoATV dose-dependently reduced HIV-1p24 viral load and reverse transcriptase activity, as well as the numbers of HIV-1 infected CD4+ T-cells in lymphoid tissues [4].

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