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N-Propionylglycine is a glycine-conjugated form of propionic acid.1 It is produced by glycine-N-acylase from propionyl-CoA, a catabolic intermediate that accumulates when the activity of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the enzyme that converts propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA, is deficient, in the mitochondria.1,2 Urinary levels of N-propionylglycine are increased in patients with propionic acidemia, an inborn error of metabolism characterized by vomiting, lethargy, protein intolerance, and failure to thrive.1

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a secondary messenger that induces calcium mobilization. It induces calcium release from endosomes and lysosomes via two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) and TPC1, which then stimulates large-scale calcium release from granules and the endoplasmic reticulum mediated by type 1 ryanodine receptors (RyR2s), RyR3s, and inositol-(1,4,5)-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). NAADP induces calcium mobilization in sea urchin and starfish eggs post fertilization to block polyspermy and activate embryogenesis. NAADP-induced calcium mobilization induces VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It also alkalizes lysosomal pH thereby inhibiting fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes and arresting autophagic flux in mouse embryonic stem cells

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