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Tiopronin-d3 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of tiopronin by GC- or LC-MS. Tiopronin is an antioxidant that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4,5 It reduces free radical production by murine macrophages and granulocytes in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.1 Tiopronin induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and increases VEGF secretion in human colon carcinoma cells.2 Rectal administration (500 μl of a 10 mM solution) reduces myeloperoxidase activity and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the colon in a rat model of colitis. Tiopronin (80-320 mg/kg per day) reduces the incidence of cleft palate in fetuses born to female mice orally exposed to teratogenic methylmercury chloride.3 Tiopronin (100 mg/kg) reduces heme oxygenase 1 mRNA expression, lipid peroxidation, and transverse aortic constriction in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy.4 Tiopronin (20 mg/kg) is hepatoprotective, increasing activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and reversing hepatocyte degeneration in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.5

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