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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that controls genes involved in glycolysis, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. Echinomycin is a cell-permeable inhibitor of HIF-1-mediated gene transcription.[1][2] It acts by intercalating into DNA in a sequence-specific manner, blocking the binding of either HIF-1α or HIF-1β to the hypoxia-responsive element.[1][2][3] Echinomycin reversibly inhibits hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcription activity in U215 cells with an EC50 value of 1.2 nM. It inhibits hypoxia-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, blocking angiogenesis and altering excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons.[2][4] Echinomycin also impairs expression of survivin, enhancing the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to melphalan.[5]

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