PGPC is an oxidized phospholipid that can be formed under conditions of oxidative stress. [1] It is found as a component in mildly oxidized LDL (MM-LDL) and in products formed from the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC). [2] PGPC activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) in a concentration-dependent manner in a cell-based ligand-binding assay. [3]  It increases VCAM1 and E-selectin expression in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), as well as HAEC binding by monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), in a concentration-dependent manner.[4]  PGPC (37.5 μM) also increases total 5-lipoxygenase metabolites in murine resident peritoneal macrophages (RPMs) and induces apoptosis in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 50 μM.[5][6] PGPC levels are increased in the serum, LDL, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with coronary artery disease. [7] UVA irradiation increases PGPC levels in cultured human skin fibroblasts. [8]