Sodium butyrate is a short chain fatty acid that has effects at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level. It has long been known as an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs).[1],[2] In cells, this alters the expression of a select group of genes containing butyrate response elements and may also involve Sp1/Sp3 binding sites.[3] Sodium butyrate also induces growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells, primarily through its effects on HDAC activity.[4] In addition, it suppresses inflammation, in part by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β.[5]