Neoaureothin is a bacterial metabolite that has been found in Streptomyces. It is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist that inhibits binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to ARs (IC50 = 13 μM) and inhibits DHT-induced expression of prostate-specific antigen in LNCaP cells (IC50 = 1.75 nM). Neoaureothin is cytotoxic to A549, HCT116, and HepG2 cells (IC50s = 34.3, 47, and 37.2 μg/ml, respectively). It also has nematocidal activity against the pine wood nematode B. xylophilus (LC50 = 0.84 μg/ml) and increases survival of P. densiflora trees inoculated with B. xylophilus.