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Betulin (BE) displays a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological properties, among which the anticancer and chemopreventive activity attract most of the attention. BE has been shown to elicit anticancer properties by inhibiting cancer cells growth. BE has exhibited quite a different range of its antiproliferative activity, depending on cancer cells type, from a weak inhibition of cell proliferation in human erythroleukaemia cell line (K562) to a strong inhibition in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-AS), where the effect has been most pronounced. Additionally, BE has also been found to express significant cytotoxicity against primary cancer cells cultures isolated from tumour samples obtained from ovarian, cervical carcinoma, and glioblastoma patients, where the IC50 values have ranged from 2.8 to 3.4 μM, being significantly lower, when compared with established cell lines[1]. The cytotoxic activity of crude birch bark extract and purified betulin and betulinic acid towards human gastric carcinoma (EPG85-257) and human pancreatic carcinoma (EPP85-181) drug-sensitive and drug-resistant (daunorubicin and mitoxantrone) cell lines are compared. Significant differences in sensitivity between cell lines depending on the compound used are shown, suggesting that both betulin and betulinic acid can be considered as a promising leads in the treatment of cancer[2].

Betulin could improve glucose intolerance and modify basal learning performance. Treatment with betulin significantly restores SOD activity and decreased MDA content in hippocampus. Betulin also markedly reduces the contents of inflammatory cytokines in serum and hippocampus. Furthermore, administration of BE effectively upregulated the expressions of Nrf2, HO-1 and blocked the phosphorylations of IκB, NF-κB. In summary, BE might exhibit protective effect on cognitive decline in STZ-induced diabetic rats through HO-1/Nrf-2/ NF-κB pathway[3].

References:

[1]. Król SK, et al. Comprehensive review on betulin as a potent anticancer agent. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:584189.

[2]. Drag M, et al. Comparision of the Cytotoxic Effects of Birch Bark Extract, Betulin and Betulinic Acid Towards Human Gastric Carcinoma and Pancreatic Carcinoma Drug-sensitive and Drug-Resistant Cell Lines. Molecules. 2009 Apr 24;14(4):1639-51.

[3]. Ma C, et al. Protective effect of betulin on cognitive decline in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Neurotoxicology. 2016 Dec;57:104-111.

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